How to force a vector to be column or row vector?

Try this:

rbind(c(x))
cbind(c(x))
t(c(x))
Hi all,

I tended to use rbind, or cbind to force a vector be be deemed as a column
or row vector. This is very important if I want to do things like u' * A *
u, where u' is a row vector and u is a column vector, regardless of what
originall format  the "u" is... I want to recast it to column vector or row
vector...  How can I do that?

----------------------------------------------------

b_hat=solve(t(X) %*% X) %*% t(X) %*% Y;

attr(b_hat, "dim")
[1] 4 1

rbind(b_hat)
      [,1]
 -4.814763
V -5.804245
 -5.122668
 -4.308326

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How to force a vector to be column or row vector?

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