Converting a list to a data frame

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that
looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

x1 <- do.call(rbind, c(x, list(make.row.names=FALSE)))
x2 <- cbind(type=rep(names(x), vapply(x, nrow, 0)), x1)
str(x2)

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that
looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out. 
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable. 
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that looks 
like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

-- 
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

On Wed, 2 May 2018, Kevin E. Thorpe wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out. 
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable. 
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that 
looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

Hi, Kevin.

Here's code that will generate your desired data frame.

# List as provided
thelist <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
thelist

# Creating the type-vector
type <- c()
for(i in 1:length(thelist)){
 type <- c(type, rep(names(thelist)[i], sapply(thelist, nrow)[i]))
}

# Creating the data frame
df <- data.frame(type, do.call(rbind.data.frame, c(thelist, make.row.names = 
FALSE)))
df


Kind regards,
Eivind K. Dovik
Bergen, NO

-- 
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out. 
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new 
variable. For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data 
frame that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

x1 <- do.call(rbind, c(x, list(make.row.names=FALSE)))
x2 <- cbind(type=rep(names(x), vapply(x, nrow, 0)), x1)
str(x2)

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame 
that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC) Li Ka 
Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital Assistant 
Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

x1 <- do.call(rbind, c(x, list(make.row.names=FALSE)))
x2 <- cbind(type=rep(names(x), vapply(x, nrow, 0)), x1)
str(x2)

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame 
that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC) Li Ka 
Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital Assistant 
Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

On 05/02/2018 07:11 PM, Kevin E. Thorpe wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it

out. 

Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following

example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements

are 

essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new 
variable. For example, I would like to turn the list above into a

data 

frame that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Hi Kevin,

data.table::rbindlist does exactly what you want in a very efficient
way:

library(data.table)
dat <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
rbindlist(dat, idcol = "type")

Regards,
Denes

Kevin

This is very nice to learn about, Denis, but it seems only fair to point out that the result of rbindlist is not a data frame.  You can convert it to a data frame easily, but the copy and indexing semantics of data tables are quite different than data tables, which could be a real headache for someone not prepared for those differences. (To learn more, read the data tables vignette.)

Tibbles  (as produced by unnest in my previous response) are not data tables either, but they behave much more like data frames than data tables do.

On May 2, 2018 1:30:37 PM MDT, "T?th D?nes" <toth.denes at kogentum.hu> wrote:

On 05/02/2018 07:11 PM, Kevin E. Thorpe wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it

out.

Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following

example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements

are

essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new
variable. For example, I would like to turn the list above into a

data

frame that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Hi Kevin,

data.table::rbindlist does exactly what you want in a very efficient
way:

library(data.table)
dat <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
rbindlist(dat, idcol = "type")

Regards,
Denes

Kevin

David L Carlson <dcarlson at tamu.edu>
    on Wed, 2 May 2018 21:43:52 +0000 writes:

Typo: dat[[z]] should be x[[z]]:

x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z) 
                            data.frame(type=z, x[[z]])))
x2
  type x y
1    A 1 3
2    A 2 4
3    B 5 7
4    B 6 8

David C

-----Original Message-----
From: R-help <r-help-bounces at r-project.org> On Behalf Of David L Carlson
Sent: Wednesday, May 2, 2018 3:51 PM
To: William Dunlap <wdunlap at tibco.com>; Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
Cc: r-help mailing list <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

Or add the type column first and then rbind:

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z) 
      data.frame(type=z, dat[[z]])))

----------------------------------------
David L Carlson
Department of Anthropology
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-4352

-----Original Message-----
From: R-help <r-help-bounces at r-project.org> On Behalf Of William Dunlap via R-help
Sent: Wednesday, May 2, 2018 12:28 PM
To: Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
Cc: R Help Mailing List <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

x1 <- do.call(rbind, c(x, list(make.row.names=FALSE)))
x2 <- cbind(type=rep(names(x), vapply(x, nrow, 0)), x1)
str(x2)

'data.frame':   4 obs. of  3 variables:
 $ type: Factor w/ 2 levels "A","B": 1 1 2 2
 $ x   : int  1 2 5 6
 $ y   : int  3 4 7 8


Bill Dunlap
TIBCO Software
wdunlap tibco.com

On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 10:11 AM, Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are 
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame 
that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics,  Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC) Li Ka 
Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital Assistant 
Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca  Tel: 416.864.5776  Fax: 416.864.3016

David L Carlson <dcarlson at tamu.edu>
     on Wed, 2 May 2018 21:43:52 +0000 writes:

Typo: dat[[z]] should be x[[z]]:

x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)
                             data.frame(type=z, x[[z]])))
x2
   type x y
1    A 1 3
2    A 2 4
3    B 5 7
4    B 6 8

David C

Before this thread gets carried away to data.table and
tibbleverse (and as nobody else has done so) :

Let me nominate this beautiful solution by
Bill Dunlap and David Carlson to win the prize  with a 10 out 10 grade:

Beautiful use of  do.call() and lapply(), two of the most
versatile and important functions from the base R toolbox.

Congratulations!

Martin Maechler
R Core Team

-----Original Message-----
From: R-help <r-help-bounces at r-project.org> On Behalf Of David L Carlson
Sent: Wednesday, May 2, 2018 3:51 PM
To: William Dunlap <wdunlap at tibco.com>; Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
Cc: r-help mailing list <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

Or add the type column first and then rbind:

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)
       data.frame(type=z, dat[[z]])))

----------------------------------------
David L Carlson
Department of Anthropology
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-4352

-----Original Message-----
From: R-help <r-help-bounces at r-project.org> On Behalf Of William Dunlap via R-help
Sent: Wednesday, May 2, 2018 12:28 PM
To: Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
Cc: R Help Mailing List <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

x1 <- do.call(rbind, c(x, list(make.row.names=FALSE)))
x2 <- cbind(type=rep(names(x), vapply(x, nrow, 0)), x1)
str(x2)

'data.frame':   4 obs. of  3 variables:
  $ type: Factor w/ 2 levels "A","B": 1 1 2 2
  $ x   : int  1 2 5 6
  $ y   : int  3 4 7 8


Bill Dunlap
TIBCO Software
wdunlap tibco.com

On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 10:11 AM, Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into  data frame where the list elements are
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame
that looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

On May 2, 2018, at 2:43 PM, David L Carlson <dcarlson at tamu.edu> wrote:

Typo: dat[[z]] should be x[[z]]:

x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z) 
     data.frame(type=z, x[[z]])))
x2
 type x y
1    A 1 3
2    A 2 4
3    B 5 7
4    B 6 8

Another approach:

########
library(tidyr)
L <- list( A = data.frame( x=1:2, y=3:4 )
         , B = data.frame( x=5:6, y=7:8 )
         )
D <- data.frame( Type = names( L )
               , stringsAsFactors = FALSE
               )
D$data <- L
unnest(D, data)
#>   Type x y
#> 1    A 1 3
#> 2    A 2 4
#> 3    B 5 7
#> 4    B 6 8
########

On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 11:53 AM, Jeff Newmiller
<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote:

Another approach:

########
library(tidyr)
L <- list( A = data.frame( x=1:2, y=3:4 )
          , B = data.frame( x=5:6, y=7:8 )
          )
D <- data.frame( Type = names( L )
                , stringsAsFactors = FALSE
                )
D$data <- L
unnest(D, data)
#>   Type x y
#> 1    A 1 3
#> 2    A 2 4
#> 3    B 5 7
#> 4    B 6 8
########

I think a slightly more idiomatic tidyverse solution is dplyr::bind_rows()

l <- list(
   A = data.frame(x = 1:2, y = 3:4),
   B = data.frame(x = 5:6, y = 7:8)
)

dplyr::bind_rows(l, .id = "type")
#>   type x y
#> 1    A 1 3
#> 2    A 2 4
#> 3    B 5 7
#> 4    B 6 8

This also has the advantage of returning a data frame when the inputs
are data frames.

Hadley

l <- list( A = data.frame(X=1:2, Y=11:12), B = data.frame(X=integer(),

str(d <- dplyr::bind_rows(l, .id = "Which") )

d$Which <- factor(d$Which, levels=names(l))
str(d)

On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 11:53 AM, Jeff Newmiller
<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote:

Another approach:

########
library(tidyr)
L <- list( A = data.frame( x=1:2, y=3:4 )
         , B = data.frame( x=5:6, y=7:8 )
         )
D <- data.frame( Type = names( L )
               , stringsAsFactors = FALSE
               )
D$data <- L
unnest(D, data)
#>   Type x y
#> 1    A 1 3
#> 2    A 2 4
#> 3    B 5 7
#> 4    B 6 8
########

I think a slightly more idiomatic tidyverse solution is dplyr::bind_rows()

l <- list(
  A = data.frame(x = 1:2, y = 3:4),
  B = data.frame(x = 5:6, y = 7:8)
)

dplyr::bind_rows(l, .id = "type")
#>   type x y
#> 1    A 1 3
#> 2    A 2 4
#> 3    B 5 7
#> 4    B 6 8

This also has the advantage of returning a data frame when the inputs
are data frames.

Hadley

--
http://hadley.nz

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into data frame where the list elements are
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new variable.
For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that
looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca<mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca> Tel: 416.864.5776 Fax: 416.864.3016

Good morning.

Novice usR. Here.

I am following this string, among many, learning as I go.

Quick question please?

I thought that perhaps ata.frame was part of the zoo pkg, b/c when I 
searched it came up in help?

However, evidently not or I am not using it properly.

Please advise, thank you.

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)

ata.frame(type=z, dat[[z]])))

#Error in ata.frame(type = z, dat[[z]]) : could not find function 
"ata.frame"

?ata.frame

??ata.frame #Looks like it?s part of the zoo package?

install.packages("zoo")

#Typo: dat[[z]] should be x[[z]]:

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

x2 <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)

ata.frame(type=z, x[[z]])))

#Error in ata.frame(type = z, dat[[z]]) : still cannot find function 
"ata.frame"?

*William H. Poling, Ph.D.*

*From:* R-help [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] *On Behalf Of 
*Huzefa Khalil
*Sent:* Wednesday, May 02, 2018 1:24 PM
*To:* Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>
*Cc:* R Help Mailing List <r-help at r-project.org>
*Subject:* Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

Hi Kevin,

There is probably a better way, but it can be done in two steps like this

temp <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

temp <- lapply(names(temp), function(n, temp) {
temp[[n]]$type <- n
return(temp[[n]])
}, temp = temp)

do.call(rbind, temp)



On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 1:11 PM, Kevin E. Thorpe 
<kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca <mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>>
wrote:

 > I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
 > Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:
 >
 > list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))
 >
 > I would like to turn this into data frame where the list elements are
 > essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new 

variable.

 > For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that
 > looks like this:
 >
 > data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))
 >
 > Appreciate any pointers.
 >
 > Kevin
 >
 > --
 > Kevin E. Thorpe
 > Head of Biostatistics, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
 > Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
 > Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
 > University of Toronto
 > email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca <mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca> 

Tel: 416.864.5776 Fax: 416.864.3016

Good morning.

Novice usR. Here.

I am following this string, among many, learning as I go.

Quick question please?

I thought that perhaps ata.frame was part of the zoo pkg, b/c when I
searched it came up in help?

However, evidently not or I am not using it properly.

Please advise, thank you.

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

x2 <- do.call<http://do.call>(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)

ata.frame(type=z, dat[[z]])))

#Error in ata.frame(type = z, dat[[z]]) : could not find function
"ata.frame"

?ata.frame

??ata.frame #Looks like it's part of the zoo package?

install.packages("zoo")

#Typo: dat[[z]] should be x[[z]]:

x <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

x2 <- do.call<http://do.call>(rbind, lapply(names(x), function(z)

ata.frame(type=z, x[[z]])))

#Error in ata.frame(type = z, dat[[z]]) : still cannot find function
"ata.frame"?

*William H. Poling, Ph.D.*

*From:* R-help [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] *On Behalf Of
*Huzefa Khalil
*Sent:* Wednesday, May 02, 2018 1:24 PM
*To:* Kevin E. Thorpe <kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca<mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>>
*Cc:* R Help Mailing List <r-help at r-project.org<mailto:r-help at r-project.org>>
*Subject:* Re: [R] Converting a list to a data frame

Hi Kevin,

There is probably a better way, but it can be done in two steps like this

temp <- list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

temp <- lapply(names(temp), function(n, temp) {
temp[[n]]$type <- n
return(temp[[n]])
}, temp = temp)

do.call<http://do.call>(rbind, temp)



On Wed, May 2, 2018 at 1:11 PM, Kevin E. Thorpe
<kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca <mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca<mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca%20%3cmailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>>>
wrote:

I suspect this is pretty easy, but I'm having trouble figuring it out.
Basically, I have a list of data frames such as the following example:

list(A=data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4),B=data.frame(x=5:6,y=7:8))

I would like to turn this into data frame where the list elements are
essentially rbind'ed together and the element name becomes a new

variable.

For example, I would like to turn the list above into a data frame that
looks like this:

data.frame(type=c("A","A","B","B"),x=c(1:2,5:6),y=c(3:4,7:8))

Appreciate any pointers.

Kevin

--
Kevin E. Thorpe
Head of Biostatistics, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC)
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
Assistant Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
email: kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca<mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca> <mailto:kevin.thorpe at utoronto.ca>

Tel: 416.864.5776 Fax: 416.864.3016