vectorizing test for equality

Dear R Help,
   I am trying to create a boolean vector that is TRUE whenever a
particular value occurs in a numeric vector, and FALSE otherwise.  For
example, suppose that

y <- c(5, 2, 4, 3, 1)
y

[1] 5 2 4 3 1

and suppose that I want to find where 3 occurs in y.  Then, the following
yields the solution:

y == 3

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE

My problem arises when the numeric vector has missing values.  For
example, suppose that x is the vector

x <- c( 2, NA, 1, 5, 3)
x

[1]  2 NA  1  5  3

Now x == 5 yields

x == 5

[1] FALSE    NA FALSE  TRUE FALSE

whereas what I want is

FALSE  FALSE  FALSE  TRUE  FALSE

I can solve this problem with a for loop:

flag <- NULL
for (i in 1:length(x)) flag <- c(flag, identical(x[i], 5))
flag

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE

Is there a way to avoid the for loop?  I'm also curious why the following
does not work, because it seems to me it should:

test <- function(x) identical(x[1], x[2])
apply(cbind(x, 5), 1, test)

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

I was expecting to see FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE.

John Miyamoto

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John Miyamoto, Dept. of Psychology, Box 351525
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525
Phone 206-543-0805, Fax 206-685-3157, Email jmiyamot at u.washington.edu
Homepage http://faculty.washington.edu/jmiyamot/
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