Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
Who uses R?
17 messages · Eleni Rapsomaniki, Gesmann, Markus, Gustaf Rydevik +11 more
Dear Eleni, Maybe the participants of the useR conferences are a good start, see e.g. http://www.r-project.org/useR-2006/participants.html Kind regards, Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Fax +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com SAVE PAPER - THINK BEFORE YOU PRINT -----Original Message----- From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Eleni Rapsomaniki Sent: 25 September 2007 11:46 To: r-help at r-project.org Subject: [R] Who uses R? Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki ______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ********************************************************************** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}}
On 9/25/07, Eleni Rapsomaniki <e.rapsomaniki at mail.cryst.bbk.ac.uk> wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
The statistics section of the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, where I work, use R about 70% of the time. The MEB (medical epidemiology and biostatistics) department at Karolinska Institutet, the nordic countries premiere medical university, are also heavy R-users. Best, Gustaf
Gustaf Rydevik, M.Sci. tel: +46(0)703 051 451 address:Essingetorget 40,112 66 Stockholm, SE skype:gustaf_rydevik
See the "Members and Donors" section on the left-hand side of the R web site. Cheers, Simon. Note to self: Become a supporting member.
On Tue, 2007-09-25 at 11:59 +0100, Gesmann, Markus wrote:
Dear Eleni, Maybe the participants of the useR conferences are a good start, see e.g. http://www.r-project.org/useR-2006/participants.html Kind regards, Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Fax +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com SAVE PAPER - THINK BEFORE YOU PRINT -----Original Message----- From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Eleni Rapsomaniki Sent: 25 September 2007 11:46 To: r-help at r-project.org Subject: [R] Who uses R? Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ********************************************************************** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} ______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Simon Blomberg, BSc (Hons), PhD, MAppStat. Lecturer and Consultant Statistician Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia Room 320 Goddard Building (8) T: +61 7 3365 2506 email: S.Blomberg1_at_uq.edu.au Policies: 1. I will NOT analyse your data for you. 2. Your deadline is your problem. The combination of some data and an aching desire for an answer does not ensure that a reasonable answer can be extracted from a given body of data. - John Tukey.
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals. Patrick Burns patrick at burns-stat.com +44 (0)20 8525 0696 http://www.burns-stat.com (home of S Poetry and "A Guide for the Unwilling S User")
Eleni Rapsomaniki wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
That's a good answer, but the usage is very much wider. As Pat Burns has just replied while I was composing this, many (maybe most) major financial institutions use R, although they may not want that to be taken as an endorsement. Similarly for pharmaceuticals. I would have thought a very convincing argument would be to point out all the books which have been published that are about or depend on R. Eleni's email address is the UK, so perhaps the 'Statistics government department' is. I hope not (as they should not need convincing), but 'University of Oxford' should suffice ....
On Tue, 25 Sep 2007, Simon Blomberg wrote:
See the "Members and Donors" section on the left-hand side of the R web site. Cheers, Simon. Note to self: Become a supporting member. On Tue, 2007-09-25 at 11:59 +0100, Gesmann, Markus wrote:
Dear Eleni, Maybe the participants of the useR conferences are a good start, see e.g. http://www.r-project.org/useR-2006/participants.html Kind regards, Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Fax +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com SAVE PAPER - THINK BEFORE YOU PRINT -----Original Message----- From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Eleni Rapsomaniki Sent: 25 September 2007 11:46 To: r-help at r-project.org Subject: [R] Who uses R? Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ********************************************************************** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} ______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Brian D. Ripley, ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/ University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self) 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA) Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
You could provide examples of errors, which Excel gives in computations, in comparison to R. Excel could not calculate inverse matrix for my task, so I was to find something better, and I've found R (it was version 1.2, as far as I remember). My another problem was scripting (R is more convenient, but harder to learn). You can also notice the publication quality graphics.
e.rapsomaniki wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/Who-uses-R--tf4514754.html#a12877703 Sent from the R help mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
On 25-Sep-07 10:46:17, Eleni Rapsomaniki wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
Dear Eleni, You deserve all the support we can give you! As well as the many other cogent suggestions you will get (and I hope there will be plenty of citations of articles published in prestigious journals), the following may also be helpful: Pat Altham (now retired) developed extensive teaching (and other) materials in R at the Cambridge University Statistical Laboratory. From her personal web page: "Some of the computer languages I have had to try to learn since graduating in 1964: Cambridge autocode, algol, phoenix, machine-code, Fortran, BBC-Basic, GLIM, GENSTAT, Linux, S-Plus and finally (probably the best so far!) R." See http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~pat/ for more details and for links to her R material. Good luck! Ted. -------------------------------------------------------------------- E-Mail: (Ted Harding) <Ted.Harding at manchester.ac.uk> Fax-to-email: +44 (0)870 094 0861 Date: 25-Sep-07 Time: 12:40:36 ------------------------------ XFMail ------------------------------
On 25-Sep-07 11:11:44, Patrick Burns wrote:
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals.
What a nasty little puzzle to set, Patrick! I had to turn to OpenOffice Calc, which told me that the answer is 65535. Is that right, Patrick? Should I check it on Excel? Best wishes, Ted. -------------------------------------------------------------------- E-Mail: (Ted Harding) <Ted.Harding at manchester.ac.uk> Fax-to-email: +44 (0)870 094 0861 Date: 25-Sep-07 Time: 12:45:11 ------------------------------ XFMail ------------------------------
Eleni, FWIW, there are a number of us in the U.S. NOAA/National Weather Service and at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (who wrote the 'Verification' package) who use R for verification of meteorological and hydrologic forecasts, aiding in the calibration of distributed hydrologic models, and in the analysis of radar estimated precipitation biases, and more? Regards, Tom
Eleni Rapsomaniki wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Thomas E Adams National Weather Service Ohio River Forecast Center 1901 South State Route 134 Wilmington, OH 45177 EMAIL: thomas.adams at noaa.gov VOICE: 937-383-0528 FAX: 937-383-0033
--- Eleni Rapsomaniki
<e.rapsomaniki at mail.cryst.bbk.ac.uk> wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
Here are some of the arguments for not using Excel (& other spread sheets) for statistical analysis. Problems With Using Microsoft Excel for Statistics Microsoft Excel for Statistics http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jcryer/JSMTalk2001.pdf Spread sheet addiction http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html Using Excel for survey analysis ( by J. Cryer) http://www.audiencedialogue.org/excel1.html Is Microsoft Excel an Adequate Statistics Package? http://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.html Use of Excel for Statistical Analysis http://www.agresearch.co.nz/Science/Statistics/exceluse1.htm Should Microsoft Excel Software Be Used For Statistical Analysis Or Graphics? ( J. Cryer) http://gcrc.ucsd.edu/biostatistics/Excel.pdf Statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~jsimonof/classes/1305/pdf/excelreg.pdf Statistical flaws in Excel http://www.mis.coventry.ac.uk/~nhunt/pottel.pdf NOTE X: USE OF EXCEL IN STATISTICS COURSES AND LABORATORIES - SOME PROS AND CONS http://www.daheiser.info/excel/notes/notex.pdf Using Excel for Statistics :Tips and Warnings http://www.reading.ac.uk/ssc/publications/guides/xfs.pdf Doing statistics with a speadsheet -Perhaps not a good idea? (J. Kane) http://groups.google.ca/group/sci.stat.edu/browse_thread/thread/b2e6def39c6b8ef4/1f6bbe4e398a1e0d?q=John+Kane+Excel&rnum=1#1f6bbe4e398a1e0d
On 9/25/2007 7:45 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 25-Sep-07 11:11:44, Patrick Burns wrote:
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals.
What a nasty little puzzle to set, Patrick! I had to turn to OpenOffice Calc, which told me that the answer is 65535. Is that right, Patrick? Should I check it on Excel?
Since Excel is the government approved gold standard, you should. OO Calc got it wrong. The correct Excel answer is 100000. (Only in 2007; Office 97 and 2003 had the same bug as OO Calc, and give 65535.) Duncan Murdoch
On 25-Sep-07 12:34:47, Duncan Murdoch wrote:
On 9/25/2007 7:45 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 25-Sep-07 11:11:44, Patrick Burns wrote:
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals.
What a nasty little puzzle to set, Patrick! I had to turn to OpenOffice Calc, which told me that the answer is 65535. Is that right, Patrick? Should I check it on Excel?
Since Excel is the government approved gold standard, you should. OO Calc got it wrong. The correct Excel answer is 100000. (Only in 2007; Office 97 and 2003 had the same bug as OO Calc, and give 65535.) Duncan Murdoch
Thanks, Duncan! It's good to be sure! Sadly, this has shaken my faith in R. But now I know where to turn. Best wishes, Ted. -------------------------------------------------------------------- E-Mail: (Ted Harding) <Ted.Harding at manchester.ac.uk> Fax-to-email: +44 (0)870 094 0861 Date: 25-Sep-07 Time: 13:51:00 ------------------------------ XFMail ------------------------------
Hi, although this is a guess, I would dare to say that it is probably used in at least some schools/departments of any research university. Yet, universities/schools often have a plethora of statistical softwares available (in our school, for instance, SAS, Stata, SPSS, S-Plus) so it is not THE only statistical software. But R is one of them and especially the guys at the forefront of statistical modeling are using it because of its flexibility in programming. Cheers, Daniel University of Maryland ------------------------- cuncta stricte discussurus ------------------------- -----Urspr?ngliche Nachricht----- Von: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] Im Auftrag von Gustaf Rydevik Gesendet: Tuesday, September 25, 2007 7:02 AM An: Eleni Rapsomaniki Cc: r-help at r-project.org Betreff: Re: [R] Who uses R?
On 9/25/07, Eleni Rapsomaniki <e.rapsomaniki at mail.cryst.bbk.ac.uk> wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
The statistics section of the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, where I work, use R about 70% of the time. The MEB (medical epidemiology and biostatistics) department at Karolinska Institutet, the nordic countries premiere medical university, are also heavy R-users. Best, Gustaf -- Gustaf Rydevik, M.Sci. tel: +46(0)703 051 451 address:Essingetorget 40,112 66 Stockholm, SE skype:gustaf_rydevik ______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
(Ted Harding) wrote:
On 25-Sep-07 12:34:47, Duncan Murdoch wrote:
On 9/25/2007 7:45 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 25-Sep-07 11:11:44, Patrick Burns wrote:
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals.
What a nasty little puzzle to set, Patrick! I had to turn
to OpenOffice Calc, which told me that the answer is 65535.
Is that right, Patrick? Should I check it on Excel?
Since Excel is the government approved gold standard, you should. OO Calc got it wrong. The correct Excel answer is 100000. (Only in 2007; Office 97 and 2003 had the same bug as OO Calc, and give 65535.) Duncan Murdoch
Thanks, Duncan! It's good to be sure! Sadly, this has shaken my faith in R. But now I know where to turn. Best wishes, Ted.
Sadly I'm deprived of Excel 2007 myself, but apparently this discussion so far doesn't fully acknowledge Excel's innovation in quantum computing. It seems that both 100,000 and 65,535 are possible answers, which one you get depends on which slit is open at the moment. Pat
-------------------------------------------------------------------- E-Mail: (Ted Harding) <Ted.Harding at manchester.ac.uk> Fax-to-email: +44 (0)870 094 0861 Date: 25-Sep-07 Time: 13:51:00 ------------------------------ XFMail ------------------------------
(Ted Harding) wrote:
Pat Altham (now retired) developed extensive teaching (and other) materials in R at the Cambridge University Statistical Laboratory. From her personal web page: "Some of the computer languages I have had to try to learn since graduating in 1964: Cambridge autocode, algol, phoenix, machine-code, Fortran, BBC-Basic, GLIM, GENSTAT, Linux, S-Plus and finally (probably the best so far!) R."
Well, calling Linux a computer language will probably not add too much credibility to the quote(r). :-)
Bj?rn-Helge Mevik
As has been pointed out on the net its a display problem
and Excel's internal value is correct. We can check this
by creating an Excel 2007 spreadsheet with
A1 = A2-1 gives 65534
A2 =850 * 77.1 gives 100000
A3 = A2+1 gives 100001
A4 = A2+2 gives 65537
and then running this code from R on the spreadsheet
to examine the internal values that Excel has stored:
library(RDCOMClient)
xls <- COMCreate("Excel.Application")
xls[["Workbooks"]]$Open("C:\\tmp2\\badcalc.xlsx")
rng <- xls[["ActiveSheet"]]$Range("A1:A4")
x <- rng[["Value"]]
x
When I run that I get this showing the internal
values are correct:
xls <- COMCreate("Excel.Application")
xls[["Workbooks"]]$Open("C:\\tmp2\\badcalc.xlsx")
An object of class "COMIDispatch" Slot "ref": <pointer: 0x001e7b94>
rng <- xls[["ActiveSheet"]]$Range("A1:A4")
x <- rng[["Value"]]
x
[[1]] [[1]][[1]] [1] 65534 [[1]][[2]] [1] 65535 [[1]][[3]] [1] 65536 [[1]][[4]] [1] 65537
On 9/25/07, Patrick Burns <pburns at pburns.seanet.com> wrote:
Just speaking of the field I'm most familiar with, there are now users of R in many of the largest financial companies in the world. http://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/spreadsheet_addiction.html is one place to look for arguments against Excel. This was just updated to include an amusing numerical bug in Excel 2007. Guess what 850 * 77.1 equals. Patrick Burns patrick at burns-stat.com +44 (0)20 8525 0696 http://www.burns-stat.com (home of S Poetry and "A Guide for the Unwilling S User") Eleni Rapsomaniki wrote:
Dear R users, I have started work in a Statistics government department and I am trying to convince my bosses to install R on our computers (I can't do proper stats in Excel!!). They asked me to prove that this is a widely used software (and not just another free-source, bug infected toy I found on the web!) by suggesting other big organisations that use it. Are you aware of any reputable places (academic or not) that use R? (e.g. maybe you work for them) I would be really grateful for any advice on this. Also suggestions on arguments I could use to persuade them that R is so much better than Excel would be very much appreciated. Many Thanks Eleni Rapsomaniki
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.