_________________________________________________________________
David Scott Department of Statistics, Tamaki Campus
The University of Auckland, PB 92019
Auckland NEW ZEALAND
Phone: +64 9 373 7599 ext 86830 Fax: +64 9 373 7000
Email: d.scott at auckland.ac.nz
Graduate Officer, Department of Statistics
------------------------------
Message: 74
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 15:11:36 -0700
From: Johannes Graumann <graumann at its.caltech.edu>
Subject: Re: [R] how to make lines() meet axis in autoscaled
coordinate system?
To: Rolf Turner <rolf at math.unb.ca>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <20040826151136.15e13b5c at localhost>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Grand!
Thanks so much!
Joh
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004 18:15:44 -0300 (ADT)
Rolf Turner <rolf at math.unb.ca> wrote:
Johannes Graumann wrote:
I have an auto-scaled coordinate system and would like to add some
clarifying lines to the graph - which ares supposed to meet the
axis.
lines(c(0,time1,time1), c(1,1,0),lty=3)
does what I want, BUT the second leg does not touch the x-axis since
the auto-scaling of the y-axis does not start at'0' but slightly
negative. I could now adjust the line length by 'trial and error' to
suit my needs, but I'd prefer a generalizable solution like
lines(c(<some_macro_for_y-axis_position>,time1,time1),
+ c(1,1,<some_macro_for_x-axis_position>),lty=3)
lines(c(par()$usr[1],time1,time1), c(1,1,par()$usr[3]),lty=3)
cheers,
Rolf Turner
rolf at math.unb.ca
------------------------------
Message: 75
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 17:14:01 -0500
From: Douglas Bates <bates at stat.wisc.edu>
Subject: Re: [R] GLMM
To: "Bossarte, Robert" <bvy9 at cdc.gov>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412E60A9.1070808 at stat.wisc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed
Bossarte, Robert wrote:
I am trying to use the LME package to run a multilevel logistic model
using the following code:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
Model1 = GLMM(WEAP ~ TSRAT2 , random = ~1 | GROUP , family = binomial,
na.action = na.omit )
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
Where WEAP is a dichotomous outcome measure, TSRAT2 is a group level
covariate, and GROUP is the grouping variable.
I do not have significant missing data and the dataset is over 15000
cases.
I have tried changing the outcome measure(s) and predictor(s) with the
same result. Each time R fails and returns the following message:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
structure(list( : flist must be a non-empty list of factors
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
This appears to be problem with the grouping variable, yet there are no
missing values and the data were sorted on this variable prior to being
read into R.
Is the grouping variable a factor? Check with
str(GROUP)
If it isn't a factor then convert it a factor using
GROUP <- factor(GROUP)
Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
------------------------------
Message: 76
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 17:17:24 -0500 (CDT)
From: "John Pitney" <john at pitney.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Why terms are dropping out of an lm() model
To: sundar.dorai-raj at PDF.COM
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <14541.167.170.98.10.1093558644.squirrel at www.pitney.org>
Content-Type: text/plain;charset=iso-8859-1
John Pitney wrote:
Hi all!
I'm fairly new to R and not too experienced with regression. Because
of one or both of those traits, I'm not seeing why some terms are being
dropped from my model when doing a regression using lm().
I am trying to do a regression on some experimental data d, which has
two numeric predictors, p1 and p2, and one numeric response, r. The aim
is to compare polynomial models in p1 and p2 up to third order. I don't
understand why lm() doesn't return coefficients for the p1^3 and p2^3
terms. Similar loss of terms happened when I tried orthonormal
polynomials to third order.
I'm satisfied with the second-order regression, by the way, but I'd
still like to understand why the third-order regression doesn't work
like I'd expect.
Can anyone offer a pointer to help me understand this?
Here's what I'm seeing in R 1.9.1 for Windows. Note the NA's for p1^3
and p2^3 in the last summary.
[stuff deleted]
-0.089823 -0.017707 0.001952 0.020820 0.059302
Coefficients: (2 not defined because of singularities)
Did you miss reading the above line? Seems you supplied a singular model
to `lm' and since the default for `lm' is `singular.ok = TRUE,' it just
pivoted these columns out in the QR-decomposition.
Yes, I missed that line. The model matrix is indeed singular.
Thanks for the quick and helpful response, and sorry for posting before
thinking carefully enough!
John
------------------------------
Message: 77
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 17:22:41 -0500
From: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Subject: Re: [R] Plotting groupedData objects
To: David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <1093558961.412e62b1c674e at www-auth.cs.wisc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Quoting David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>:
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Deepayan Sarkar wrote:
Quoting David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>:
I am trying to create a plot similar to Figure 3.2 in Bates and
Pinheiro.
I have repeated measurements on about 80 subjects from 2 treatment
groups.
I would like to have the panels for the two treatment groups in separate
groups and within those groups have the panels ordered on maximum value
(as is the default).
I am ok with getting plots similar to Figs 3.1 and 3.2, but can't see how
to change the ordering of the panels to what I want.
Here is the definition of my groupedData object
RAWlmeData <- groupedData(RAW~Elapsed|ID,
data=RAWData,
labels=list(x="Elapsed time",y="Airways resistance"),
units=list(x="(hours)",y="cm H20/L/sec"))
I guess I could just plot the two treatment groups separately in turn but
I feel there is something I am missing.
My reading of page 105 suggests that you need to specify
'outer=<whatever your grouping factor is>'.
Have you tried that?
I did try that. It produces Fig 3.3 with multiple lines giving the results
for each subject by treatment. With around 40 subjects per treatment
group, that isn't very attractive in my case.
I should have been more specific, but I thought this was clear enough in the
book. I was talking about specifying outer in the groupedData() constructor,
not in the plot() call. Have you tried _that_?
I should also mention that I looked for on-line complements to Pinheiro
and Bates, and found MEMSS.tar.gz on
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/NLME/MEMSS/index.html
which promised scripts for the examples in the book but turned out to have
only chapters 1 and 2, and for S-PLUS rather than R (going on the .q
extension).
The R scripts are, naturally enough, bundled with the R version of the package.
They should be in the scripts/ subdirectory of your nlme installation.
Deepayan
------------------------------
Message: 78
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 17:36:00 -0500
From: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>
Cc: Prof Brian Ripley <ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk>,
r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <1093559760.412e65d0a85ee at www-auth.cs.wisc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Quoting "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>:
Prof Ripley:
Thank you for your prompt reply.
It's pure convention: see below.
Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
understand it
if you actually did. It seems you are looking for
image(t(x)[ncol(x):1, ])
I think you guys are too close to "R" to understand how hard it is to
use sometimes. What may be blatantly obvious to you is quite a problem
especially to beginners. Some of us may be beginners to R, but we know
math, science, programming, and how to solve problems with other tools
and languages.
I re-read the guidelines before posting fearing condemnation.
Before posting I searched the online R-help Google interface with
keywords "image", "flip", "rotate". A discussion from 1998 touched on
this issue but I was hoping that this was deemed a "bug" at some point
and fixed -- or had an easy workaround, like some parameter I was
missing.
I read the "?image" help before posting. Was the part I didn't
understand buried in this "note"?
"Based on a function by Thomas Lumley tlumley at u.washington.edu."
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had something to do with
image(). It doesn't, it has to do with manipulating a matrix. image()
visualizes a matrix in a particular and well-defined way. You want your matrix
to be shown in a different way, and one (simple) way of doing that is to
convert your matrix into a different matrix, on which calling image would give
you what you want. Why would this be explained in ?image ? This is basic R.
More generally, I think your frustration is caused by your expectation that a
matrix object should behave like a bitmap image. It doesn't. If you want work
with images, use the pixmap package.
Deepayan
------------------------------
Message: 79
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 15:50:43 -0700
From: "T. Murlidharan Nair" <nair at sdsc.edu>
Subject: [R] Error TukeyHSD
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412E6943.6020307 at sdsc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed
I am running the following code on the coagulation data and I am getting
an error. Please let me know
if I am missing anything from my code.
coag<- matrix( scan("//Samba3/nair/R/blood.dat", sep=","), 24, 3,
byrow=TRUE)
colnames(coag) <- c("time","diet","order")
coag <- as.data.frame(coag)
oneway.test(time ~ diet, data=coag, var.eq=TRUE)
coag.mod <- aov(time ~ diet, data=coag)
options(scipen=5)
options(digits=5)
TukeyHSD( coag.mod )
I get the following error when I run the above code
Read 72 items
Error in rep.int(n, length(means)) : Unimplemented feature in rep
In addition: Warning message:
non-factors ignored: diet in: replications(paste("~",
paste(names(tables), collapse = "+")),
The data is here ..
62,1,20
60,1,2
63,1,11
59,1,10
63,2,12
67,2,9
71,2,15
64,2,14
65,2,4
66,2,8
68,3,16
66,3,7
71,3,1
67,3,17
68,3,13
68,3,21
56,4,23
62,4,3
60,4,6
61,4,18
63,4,22
64,4,19
63,4,5
59,4,24
Thanks ../ Murli
------------------------------
Message: 80
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 18:08:47 -0500
From: "Mihai Nica" <m_nica at hotmail.com>
Subject: [R] coplot and par
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <BAY18-F11XCpU6q5ijb0001c543 at hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed
R 1.9.1 on Win2000 or Win98SE.
I am using coplot as follows:
coplot(AVG~LRPI| REGION)
the output seems normal but I get:
"Warning message:
calling par(new=) with no plot"
This is the only explanation that I have for being unable to use par() with
coplot for changing the way the xlab and ylab appears. From within coplot I
can change the text itself but not the font, fontsize, etc, but par() before
coplot has absolutely no effect wahtsoever (maybe it isn't supposed to?).
I guess the question is: how can one change the way the xlab and ylab appear
on a coplot?
Thanks,
Mihai
JSU
------------------------------
Message: 81
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 16:11:04 -0700
From: rossini at blindglobe.net (A.J. Rossini)
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <85k6vlebqv.fsf at servant.blindglobe.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
I think I'd have to respectfully disagree with both Brian and
Deepayan, as to whether it should be obvious. It is reasonable
(principle of least suprise) to expect orientation of the plot to
match the print order of the matrix. I would have expected Brian's
one-liner to be in the help page, with a notice. It's a not-so-rare
activity, being a general matrix visualization that is commonly used
in certain areas of science (whether it ought to be commonly used is a
separate question).
While "heatmap" might've been perhaps a better pointer, but it doesn't
seem to do the "right" thing, either. I.e.
myTemp <- matrix(c(1,2,3,3,2,3),nrow=2)
heatmap(myTemp,Rowv=NA,Colv=NA)
doesn't look right to me (R Version 1.9.1 (2004-06-21))
I see the "pixmap/bitmap" issue as a bit of a red herring, in this
case.
best,
-tony
p.s. I seem to get bit by this about once a year for the last few,
hence why I'm speaking up.
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> writes:
Quoting "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>:
Prof Ripley:
Thank you for your prompt reply.
It's pure convention: see below.
Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
understand it
if you actually did. It seems you are looking for
image(t(x)[ncol(x):1, ])
I think you guys are too close to "R" to understand how hard it is to
use sometimes. What may be blatantly obvious to you is quite a problem
especially to beginners. Some of us may be beginners to R, but we know
math, science, programming, and how to solve problems with other tools
and languages.
I re-read the guidelines before posting fearing condemnation.
Before posting I searched the online R-help Google interface with
keywords "image", "flip", "rotate". A discussion from 1998 touched on
this issue but I was hoping that this was deemed a "bug" at some point
and fixed -- or had an easy workaround, like some parameter I was
missing.
I read the "?image" help before posting. Was the part I didn't
understand buried in this "note"?
"Based on a function by Thomas Lumley tlumley at u.washington.edu."
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had something to do with
image(). It doesn't, it has to do with manipulating a matrix. image()
visualizes a matrix in a particular and well-defined way. You want your matrix
to be shown in a different way, and one (simple) way of doing that is to
convert your matrix into a different matrix, on which calling image would give
you what you want. Why would this be explained in ?image ? This is basic R.
More generally, I think your frustration is caused by your expectation that a
matrix object should behave like a bitmap image. It doesn't. If you want work
with images, use the pixmap package.
Deepayan
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
--
Anthony Rossini Research Associate Professor
rossini at u.washington.edu http://www.analytics.washington.edu/
Biomedical and Health Informatics University of Washington
Biostatistics, SCHARP/HVTN Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
UW (Tu/Th/F): 206-616-7630 FAX=206-543-3461 | Voicemail is unreliable
FHCRC (M/W): 206-667-7025 FAX=206-667-4812 | use Email
CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message and any attachme...{{dropped}}
------------------------------
Message: 82
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 16:29:40 -0700
From: Johannes Graumann <graumann at its.caltech.edu>
Subject: [R] text() with text, variables and math HOWTO?
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <20040826162940.5ef5149d at localhost>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Hello,
One more question from the 'abusing R for blotting - particularly
anally' department:
How can I in the expression below make the '%~~%' show up as the
aprrox-sign I want it to be?
Thanks for any hint,
Joh
text(
500,1.5,
cex=0.75,
substitute(
paste(
OD[600][~nm],
" of 1 at ",
time1,
" min ",
"%~~%",
time1h,
"h"
),
list(
time1=round(time1,digits=0),
time1h=round(time1/60,digits=1)
)
)
)
------------------------------
Message: 83
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 16:13:19 -0700 (PDT)
From: franc Li <avelox12 at yahoo.com>
Subject: [R] multiple regression with dummy variables
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <20040826231319.9247.qmail at web51810.mail.yahoo.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Hi I'm a beginner in R, please help...
I'm trying to do regression analysis on a categorical
data to find b's of each Xi. Essentially, f(x) is the
output, and two independent variables Xd (days of week
(1,2,...,7) and Xwk (week of month
(1,2,...,6)including partial wks).
So the data looks like this:
f(x) Xd Xwk
0.03 1 2
0.06 3 1
:
:
I use factor() and contrasts() to produce I.matrix as
such
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 3 4 5 6
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 0 0 1
However, when I tried to regress with:
summary(lm(log(y1)~ I(daydum==1) + I(weekdum==1)),
contrast=T)
Error in model.frame(formula, rownames, variables,
varnames, extras, extranames, :
variable lengths differ
I'm trying to find pairwise regression in order to
find each bi. Can anyone hlep? Thanks so much in
advance.
franc
------------------------------
Message: 84
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 19:42:35 -0400
From: "Jim Brennan" <jfbrennan at rogers.com>
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: <rossini at u.washington.edu>, <r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Message-ID:
<014201c48bc6$5e03a860$3b8ac445 at slnt.phub.net.cable.rogers.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
I was also surprised by the image orientation this summer and used the
"easy" fix of matrix manipulation. There is however another issue and that
is when you start flipping around the matrix, orders etc. and for the case
you want to have sensibly labeled axes, you may have to use the axis
commands etc. which is also easy, but accumulation of easy fixes can be
tedious so there is perhaps some argument for yet another new documentation
submission. Maybe a method for easily changing the orientation in image
could be added.
Jim
----- Original Message -----
From: "A.J. Rossini" <rossini at blindglobe.net>
To: <r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Sent: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:11 PM
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
I think I'd have to respectfully disagree with both Brian and
Deepayan, as to whether it should be obvious. It is reasonable
(principle of least suprise) to expect orientation of the plot to
match the print order of the matrix. I would have expected Brian's
one-liner to be in the help page, with a notice. It's a not-so-rare
activity, being a general matrix visualization that is commonly used
in certain areas of science (whether it ought to be commonly used is a
separate question).
While "heatmap" might've been perhaps a better pointer, but it doesn't
seem to do the "right" thing, either. I.e.
myTemp <- matrix(c(1,2,3,3,2,3),nrow=2)
heatmap(myTemp,Rowv=NA,Colv=NA)
doesn't look right to me (R Version 1.9.1 (2004-06-21))
I see the "pixmap/bitmap" issue as a bit of a red herring, in this
case.
best,
-tony
p.s. I seem to get bit by this about once a year for the last few,
hence why I'm speaking up.
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> writes:
Quoting "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>:
Prof Ripley:
Thank you for your prompt reply.
It's pure convention: see below.
Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
understand it
if you actually did. It seems you are looking for
image(t(x)[ncol(x):1, ])
I think you guys are too close to "R" to understand how hard it is to
use sometimes. What may be blatantly obvious to you is quite a problem
especially to beginners. Some of us may be beginners to R, but we know
math, science, programming, and how to solve problems with other tools
and languages.
I re-read the guidelines before posting fearing condemnation.
Before posting I searched the online R-help Google interface with
keywords "image", "flip", "rotate". A discussion from 1998 touched on
this issue but I was hoping that this was deemed a "bug" at some point
and fixed -- or had an easy workaround, like some parameter I was
missing.
I read the "?image" help before posting. Was the part I didn't
understand buried in this "note"?
"Based on a function by Thomas Lumley tlumley at u.washington.edu."
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had something to do
with
image(). It doesn't, it has to do with manipulating a matrix. image()
visualizes a matrix in a particular and well-defined way. You want your
matrix
to be shown in a different way, and one (simple) way of doing that is to
convert your matrix into a different matrix, on which calling image
would give
you what you want. Why would this be explained in ?image ? This is basic
R.
More generally, I think your frustration is caused by your expectation
that a
matrix object should behave like a bitmap image. It doesn't. If you want
work
with images, use the pixmap package.
Deepayan
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
--
Anthony Rossini Research Associate Professor
rossini at u.washington.edu http://www.analytics.washington.edu/
Biomedical and Health Informatics University of Washington
Biostatistics, SCHARP/HVTN Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
UW (Tu/Th/F): 206-616-7630 FAX=206-543-3461 | Voicemail is unreliable
FHCRC (M/W): 206-667-7025 FAX=206-667-4812 | use Email
CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message and any attachme...{{dropped}}
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
------------------------------
Message: 85
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 18:55:28 -0500
From: Erin Hodgess <hodgess at gator.uhd.edu>
Subject: [R] expressions/approximate text
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <200408262355.i7QNtSh18436 at gator.dt.uh.edu>
Please forgive the general posting.
To get the x approximately = y,
please try
text(6,2,expression(x %~~% y))
HTH.
Sincerely,
Erin Hodgess
mailto: hodgess at gator.uhd.edu
------------------------------
Message: 86
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 12:05:26 +1200
From: Paul Murrell <p.murrell at auckland.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: [R] Label using equivalent of \mathbb{R}
To: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at stat.wisc.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch, Martin Maechler
<maechler at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Message-ID: <412E7AC6.3060807 at stat.auckland.ac.nz>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed
Hi
Deepayan Sarkar wrote:
On Thursday 26 August 2004 11:41, Martin Maechler wrote:
"Simon" == Simon Cullen <cullens at tcd.ie>
on Thu, 26 Aug 2004 15:30:06 +0100 writes:
Simon> On Thu, 26 Aug 2004 15:24:33 +0200, Trenkler,
Simon> Dietrich <dtrenkler at nts6.oec.uni-osnabrueck.de>
Simon> wrote:
>> [Dietrich Trenkler]
>>
>>
>> plot(rnorm(10),xlab=expression(bold(x)),ylab=expression(bold(y)))
Simon> Not quite what I am looking for, I'm afraid. \mathbb
Simon> gives "blackboard" fonts - the capitals with two
Simon> vertical parallel lines in them that are used for the
Simon> Reals, Complex numbers etc.
yes (and Dieter confused \mathbb{} with \mathbf{}).
R's builtin plotmath utilities can't do this directly.
A workaround would be similar to what we used to do in LaTeX 2.09
times (before \mathbb{} was standardly available):
{ "I", <negative space>, "R" }
Whereas with (La)TeX, a macro definition was relatively
easy for the above, it might be a bit harder / more ugly with
current R builtins, for one because I don't think ``plotmath''
has a concept of <negative space>.
1) A really ugly hack would work with text() -- not quite useful
if you'd like these in 'xlab' etc.
2) A potentially much nicer scheme might be to use "grid" instead of
oldstyle "graphics" : There one could construct a "grob"
(graphical object) for the '|R' symbol that one could should be
pass to other functions -- though it may need some tweaking
before a function like (pkg lattice's) xyplot() would accept
a grob for xlab [instead of only a character or expression].
Interesting thought. Should be almost trivial to implement.
Currently, legends (sort of generalized key-s in the Trellis context) can be
grobs, e.g.
bbR <- textGrob(c("I", "R"), x = 0.7 * c(-1, 1),
default.units = "mm",
vp = viewport(h=0, w=0))
xyplot(1 ~ 1, xlab = NULL, legend = list(bottom = list(fun = bbR)))
Cool :) An alternative hack would be to treat this as an annotation of
the lattice panel. For example ...
xyplot(1 ~ 1, xlab = "") # NOTE "" not NULL
downViewport("panel.1")
pushViewport(viewport(clip="off")) # to be able to draw outside panel
grid.text(c("I", "R"), y=unit(-2, "lines"),
x=unit(0.5, "npc") - 0.5*stringWidth(c("I", "")),
just="left")
upViewport(0)
... (using stringWidth makes the hack scale with font size).
In this case though, I think the ideal solution would be just to use a
font that has the desired character. On Windows this should be doable
via the file RHOME\etc\Rdevga and something like mtext(..., font=<some
large number>) [assuming that the appropriate font can be found and
installed].
Paul
--
Dr Paul Murrell
Department of Statistics
The University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland
New Zealand
64 9 3737599 x85392
paul at stat.auckland.ac.nz
http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/
------------------------------
Message: 87
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 00:30:06 +0000
From: "F Z" <gerifalte28 at hotmail.com>
Subject: [R] FIML in lme
To: R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <BAY2-F35FHLqbp3eccm000238e7 at hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed
Hi
I was asked if lme can use FIML (Full Information Maximum Likelihood)
instead of REML or ML but I don't know the answer. Does anybody know if
this is implemented in R?
Thanks
Francisco
------------------------------
Message: 88
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 02:47:19 +0200
From: "Henrik Bengtsson" <hb at maths.lth.se>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "'Jim Brennan'" <jfbrennan at rogers.com>,
<rossini at u.washington.edu>, <r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Message-ID: <001201c48bcf$6e51c400$8e0040d5 at hblaptop>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
I've got some simple code example at http://www.maths.lth.se/help/R/image/,
or just try:
source("http://www.maths.lth.se/help/R/image/image.R")
Best wishes
Henrik Bengtsson
-----Original Message-----
From: r-help-bounces at stat.math.ethz.ch
[mailto:r-help-bounces at stat.math.ethz.ch] On Behalf Of Jim Brennan
Sent: Friday, August 27, 2004 1:43 AM
To: rossini at u.washington.edu; r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
I was also surprised by the image orientation this summer and
used the "easy" fix of matrix manipulation. There is however
another issue and that is when you start flipping around the
matrix, orders etc. and for the case you want to have
sensibly labeled axes, you may have to use the axis commands
etc. which is also easy, but accumulation of easy fixes can
be tedious so there is perhaps some argument for yet another
new documentation submission. Maybe a method for easily
changing the orientation in image could be added.
Jim
----- Original Message -----
From: "A.J. Rossini" <rossini at blindglobe.net>
To: <r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Sent: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:11 PM
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
I think I'd have to respectfully disagree with both Brian and
Deepayan, as to whether it should be obvious. It is reasonable
(principle of least suprise) to expect orientation of the plot to
match the print order of the matrix. I would have expected Brian's
one-liner to be in the help page, with a notice. It's a
not-so-rare
activity, being a general matrix visualization that is
commonly used
in certain areas of science (whether it ought to be
commonly used is a
separate question).
While "heatmap" might've been perhaps a better pointer, but
it doesn't
seem to do the "right" thing, either. I.e.
myTemp <- matrix(c(1,2,3,3,2,3),nrow=2)
heatmap(myTemp,Rowv=NA,Colv=NA)
doesn't look right to me (R Version 1.9.1 (2004-06-21))
I see the "pixmap/bitmap" issue as a bit of a red herring, in this
case.
best,
-tony
p.s. I seem to get bit by this about once a year for the last few,
hence why I'm speaking up.
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> writes:
Quoting "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>:
Prof Ripley:
Thank you for your prompt reply.
It's pure convention: see below.
Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
understand it if you actually did. It seems you are
looking for
image(t(x)[ncol(x):1, ])
I think you guys are too close to "R" to understand how
hard it is
to use sometimes. What may be blatantly obvious to you
is quite a
problem especially to beginners. Some of us may be
beginners to R,
but we know math, science, programming, and how to solve
problems
with other tools and languages.
I re-read the guidelines before posting fearing condemnation.
Before posting I searched the online R-help Google
interface with
keywords "image", "flip", "rotate". A discussion from
1998 touched
on this issue but I was hoping that this was deemed a
"bug" at some
point and fixed -- or had an easy workaround, like some
parameter I
was missing.
I read the "?image" help before posting. Was the part I didn't
understand buried in this "note"?
"Based on a function by Thomas Lumley
tlumley at u.washington.edu."
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had
something to
do
with
image(). It doesn't, it has to do with manipulating a matrix.
image() visualizes a matrix in a particular and well-defined way.
You want your
matrix
to be shown in a different way, and one (simple) way of
doing that
is to convert your matrix into a different matrix, on
which calling
image
would give
you what you want. Why would this be explained in ?image
? This is
basic
R.
More generally, I think your frustration is caused by your
expectation
that a
matrix object should behave like a bitmap image. It
doesn't. If you
want
work
with images, use the pixmap package.
Deepayan
______________________________________________
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https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
--
Anthony Rossini Research Associate Professor
rossini at u.washington.edu
http://www.analytics.washington.edu/
Biomedical and Health Informatics University of Washington
Biostatistics, SCHARP/HVTN Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center
UW (Tu/Th/F): 206-616-7630 FAX=206-543-3461 | Voicemail is
unreliable
FHCRC (M/W): 206-667-7025 FAX=206-667-4812 | use Email
CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message and any
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PLEASE do read the posting guide!
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______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
------------------------------
Message: 89
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 17:55:17 -0700
From: "Michael Jerosch-Herold" <jeroschh at ohsu.edu>
Subject: [R] read.spss warning: unrecognized record type??
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <s12e2412.032 at ohsu.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
When using read.spss (library: 'foreign') I get the following warning
message:
Warning message:
E:/R4win/mesamri.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 13
encountered in system file.
I don't see anything wrong with record #7 in the database I am trying
to read in, but I suspect that the warning message does not refer to a
specific record, but a "variable" type. Is this correct? And what does
"subtype 13" mean?
I basically have a data table with records (cases) in rows, and various
variables for each record/case in the columns. Again, I suspect that I
am using "record" in a different sense then meant by the above warning
message.
Based on this warning, is "record type 7" discarded when the data are
read in?
Thank you in advance for shedding some light on this!
Michael Jerosch-Herold
------------------------------
Message: 90
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 13:19:15 +1200 (NZST)
From: David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: [R] Plotting groupedData objects
To: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch, David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>
Message-ID:
<Pine.LNX.4.44.0408271305540.31281-100000 at hydra.stat.auckland.ac.nz>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Deepayan Sarkar wrote:
Quoting David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>:
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Deepayan Sarkar wrote:
Quoting David Scott <d.scott at auckland.ac.nz>:
I am trying to create a plot similar to Figure 3.2 in Bates and
Pinheiro.
I have repeated measurements on about 80 subjects from 2 treatment
groups.
I would like to have the panels for the two treatment groups in separate
groups and within those groups have the panels ordered on maximum value
(as is the default).
I am ok with getting plots similar to Figs 3.1 and 3.2, but can't see how
to change the ordering of the panels to what I want.
Here is the definition of my groupedData object
RAWlmeData <- groupedData(RAW~Elapsed|ID,
data=RAWData,
labels=list(x="Elapsed time",y="Airways resistance"),
units=list(x="(hours)",y="cm H20/L/sec"))
I guess I could just plot the two treatment groups separately in turn but
I feel there is something I am missing.
My reading of page 105 suggests that you need to specify
'outer=<whatever your grouping factor is>'.
Have you tried that?
I did try that. It produces Fig 3.3 with multiple lines giving the results
for each subject by treatment. With around 40 subjects per treatment
group, that isn't very attractive in my case.
I should have been more specific, but I thought this was clear enough in the
book. I was talking about specifying outer in the groupedData() constructor,
not in the plot() call. Have you tried _that_?
I should also mention that I looked for on-line complements to Pinheiro
and Bates, and found MEMSS.tar.gz on
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/NLME/MEMSS/index.html
which promised scripts for the examples in the book but turned out to have
only chapters 1 and 2, and for S-PLUS rather than R (going on the .q
extension).
The R scripts are, naturally enough, bundled with the R version of the package.
They should be in the scripts/ subdirectory of your nlme installation.
Thanks Deepayan. I didn't read that section closely enough. Defining an
outer factor in the constructor did what I wanted.
I also found the scripts as you suggested although they didn't include
code for the production of Fig 3.2 as far as I could see.
David Scott
_________________________________________________________________
David Scott Department of Statistics, Tamaki Campus
The University of Auckland, PB 92019
Auckland NEW ZEALAND
Phone: +64 9 373 7599 ext 86830 Fax: +64 9 373 7000
Email: d.scott at auckland.ac.nz
Graduate Officer, Department of Statistics
------------------------------
Message: 91
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 20:26:53 -0500
From: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Subject: Re: [R] introduction slides for beginners
To: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Armin Roehrl <armin at xss.de>, r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <1093570013.412e8ddd1ac2b at www-auth.cs.wisc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Quoting Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>:
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Armin Roehrl wrote:
Hi all,
does anybody have slides for a 1 to 3 hour crash course into R,
that I would be allowed to recycle to show a few people the light?
I have some stuff I used for 5 x 1 hour presentations at
http://www.stat.wisc.edu/~deepayan/SIBS/slides/
meant to complement the first chapter of 'An Introduction to R'.
Umm, for the record, I meant to say 'Introductory Statistics with R' here.
Deepayan
------------------------------
Message: 92
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 14:19:27 +1200 (NZST)
From: "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <200408270219.i7R2JRQN413645 at atlas.otago.ac.nz>
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> wrote:
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had
something to do with image().
"Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>
could certainly be excused for thinking so, because
what Prof Ripley wrote included this:
> > Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
> > understand it if you actually did.
That certainly sounds to me as though the answer should have been
obvious from ?image
Now, the image() function is trying to be extremely helpful and offers
you lots of ways of providing the data, and that is explained in ?image.
In fact a key piece of information *IS* in ?image, so it really DOES
have something to do with image():
Details:
The length of 'x' should be equal to the 'nrow(z)+1' or 'nrow(z)'.
In the first case 'x' specifies the boundaries between the cells:
in the second case 'x' specifies the midpoints of the cells.
This tells us that the "x" direction of the image goes along the *rows*
of the matrix and by implication that the "y" direction goes along the
*columns* of the matrix, and is precisely what you need to figure out
that image(t(x)) is the thing to use.
One does have to be a little subtle at reading between the lines to see
the relevance of details about a parameter one is not passing, but the
information _is_ there and it _is_ 'something to do with image()', not
something to do with matrices.
The 'volcano' example from ?image also points the same way.
The basic problem here is that the standard visual layout of
matrices sets up such a strong expectation that it's difficult for
any text to override it.
I don't see anything that explicitly discusses the direction of the
axes, I don't see anything explicit, but I took it that ?image would
follow the usual "horizontal axis increases from left to right,
vertical axis increases from bottom to top" convention, which means
"horizontal gives ROW number increasing left to right,
vertical gives COLUMN number increasing bottom to top"
so when I do image(t(x)) I see my columns as vertical strips but
they are "upside down", so the last step, to
image(t(x)[ncol(x):1,])
does make sense, provided you read ?image as *implying* without actually
stating "follows the usual graphical conventions for axes". But again,
this really is a fact about image(), not about matrices.
As for the claim that
It doesn't, it has to do with manipulating a matrix. image()
visualizes a matrix in a particular and well-defined way.
Well yes, it is a particular way, and I suppose you could say that the
code is defined well, but it really isn't, when you get right down to
it, and *EXPLICITLY* documented way. You really have to work at it.
This is NOT a criticism of R documentation. Of all the open-source
programs I use, I reckon R is by far the best documented, and its
on-line documentation can more than withstand comparison against most
of the commercial programs I've seen. The real problem is that R is
just so big and there are only so many people writing documentation for
it.
Given the wide range of ways that the x, y, z arguments can be passed
to image(), it would actually make sense to have some kind of flip and/or
mirror operations specified via an argument to image().
The source code of image is available (image.default) so it wouldn't be
a lot of work for someone who wants it to produce such a thing.
------------------------------
Message: 93
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 22:39:43 -0400
From: "Liaw, Andy" <andy_liaw at merck.com>
Subject: RE: [R] predict.mvr error message
To: "'Stewart T Chang'" <stchang at umich.edu>, r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID:
<3A822319EB35174CA3714066D590DCD504AF82AA at usrymx25.merck.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
What version of R, what version of pls.pcr, and on what OS? Have you
checked whether your versions of software are up to date? I get:
n <- 1350
p <- 180
y <- rnorm(n)
x <- matrix(sample(0:1, n*p, replace=TRUE), n, p)
fit <- mvr(x, y, method="SIMPLS", validat="none", ncomp=2)
xt <- matrix(sample(0:1, 312*p, replace=TRUE), 312, p)
yt <- predict(fit, xt)
Andy
From: Stewart T Chang
Greetings,
I've encountered an error message while using the pls.pcr package
that's left me scratching my head for a couple of hours, and
I thought I
might post it here in the hopes that someone else uses this package.
Using a data set of 1350 observations (each observation comprises 180
predictor variables and 1 output variable), I trained a model using
pls.pcr. (Other details: ncomp=2,
method="SIMPLS",validation="none". I
might also add that each predictor variable has a value of
either 0 or 1,
though the output variable is a real number.)
'
When I tried to use this model to make predictions (on 312 sets of 180
predictor variables), I received the following error:
Error in X %*% object$training$B[, , index, drop = TRUE] :
requires numeric matrix/vector arguments
Normally I'd ask a friend of mine in Biostatistics here to
help me out,
but he's currently away! Have any of you used pls.pcr and gotten this
kind of message? Thanks!
Stewart
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
------------------------------
Message: 94
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 22:50:56 -0400 (EDT)
From: Stewart T Chang <stchang at umich.edu>
Subject: RE: [R] predict.mvr error message
To: "Liaw, Andy" <andy_liaw at merck.com>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID:
<Pine.SOL.4.58.0408262241430.18266 at timepilot.gpcc.itd.umich.edu>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Well, I figured it out on my own. It turns out, even though my test set
of data appeared to be a matrix, it wasn't. Adding "as.matrix" to the
front of the name of the data set solved the problem. (Maybe there's some
alternative way of doing it, such as yours?) Thanks for your suggestion.
Stewart
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Liaw, Andy wrote:
What version of R, what version of pls.pcr, and on what OS? Have you
checked whether your versions of software are up to date? I get:
n <- 1350
p <- 180
y <- rnorm(n)
x <- matrix(sample(0:1, n*p, replace=TRUE), n, p)
fit <- mvr(x, y, method="SIMPLS", validat="none", ncomp=2)
xt <- matrix(sample(0:1, 312*p, replace=TRUE), 312, p)
yt <- predict(fit, xt)
Andy
From: Stewart T Chang
Greetings,
I've encountered an error message while using the pls.pcr package
that's left me scratching my head for a couple of hours, and
I thought I
might post it here in the hopes that someone else uses this package.
Using a data set of 1350 observations (each observation comprises 180
predictor variables and 1 output variable), I trained a model using
pls.pcr. (Other details: ncomp=2,
method="SIMPLS",validation="none". I
might also add that each predictor variable has a value of
either 0 or 1,
though the output variable is a real number.)
'
When I tried to use this model to make predictions (on 312 sets of 180
predictor variables), I received the following error:
Error in X %*% object$training$B[, , index, drop = TRUE] :
requires numeric matrix/vector arguments
Normally I'd ask a friend of mine in Biostatistics here to
help me out,
but he's currently away! Have any of you used pls.pcr and gotten this
kind of message? Thanks!
Stewart
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
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------------------------------
Message: 95
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 23:08:07 -0400
From: "Liaw, Andy" <andy_liaw at merck.com>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "'Richard A. O'Keefe'" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>,
r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID:
<3A822319EB35174CA3714066D590DCD504AF82AB at usrymx25.merck.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
From: Richard A. O'Keefe
[snip]
Given the wide range of ways that the x, y, z arguments can be passed
to image(), it would actually make sense to have some kind of
flip and/or
mirror operations specified via an argument to image().
The source code of image is available (image.default) so it
wouldn't be
a lot of work for someone who wants it to produce such a thing.
I'd suggest adding an `as.matrix' argument to image.default.
Best,
Andy
------------------------------
Message: 96
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 22:16:23 -0500
From: Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <1093576583.412ea7876ee02 at www-auth.cs.wisc.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Quoting "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>:
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> wrote:
You seem to be thinking that Prof Ripley's solution had
something to do with image().
"Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>
could certainly be excused for thinking so, because
what Prof Ripley wrote included this:
> > Did you try reading the help for image? You don't seem to
> > understand it if you actually did.
That certainly sounds to me as though the answer should have been
obvious from ?image
I agree with you that the issues are related, but your (edited) quoting is
misleading. I interpret Prof Ripley's comment as implying that reading ?image
would tell the user what happens when he calls image(x). This is distinct from
how to manipulate a matrix, which is what t(x)[ncol(x):1, ] is doing. It
doesn't seem obvious to me that this information should be in ?image, and I
still don't see how Prof Ripley's comment suggested that it was. Anything but
the most trivial use of S involves combining different ideas. One can hardly
expect all possible interactions to be documented.
Of course, documentation can always use improvements (and the rest of your
comments on ?image are all valid), and it would be nice to anticipate
frequently faced problems and offer solutions preemptively, but that's a
different issue.
Deepayan
------------------------------
Message: 97
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 16:22:15 +1200 (NZST)
From: "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <200408270422.i7R4MFF7409020 at atlas.otago.ac.nz>
Deepayan Sarkar <deepayan at cs.wisc.edu> wrote:
I agree with you that the issues are related, but your (edited) quoting is
misleading.
My quotes were selective but not otherwise edited.
I interpret Prof Ripley's comment as implying that reading ?image
would tell the user what happens when he calls image(x).
And that's how I interpreted it too.
This is distinct from how to manipulate a matrix, which is what
t(x)[ncol(x):1, ] is doing. It doesn't seem obvious to me that this
information should be in ?image,
Nobody whatsoever has suggested that the matrix manipulation code *SHOULD*
be in ?image. Nobody. Not me. Not anyone else. The original poster's
problem was not "how do I manipulate a matrix" but "why is the image the
wrong way around".
and I still don't see how Prof Ripley's
comment suggested that it was.
It didn't. NOBODY has made any such suggestion.
One can hardly expect all possible interactions to be documented.
Nobody has suggested that either.
All I was saying is this:
(1) The original poster's problem was a problem about image(),
NOT a problem about matrix manipulation.
(2) We have no reason whatsoever to assert, hint, believe, or opine
that the original poster was any less competent at matrix manipulation
per se than anyone else reading this mail list. He didn't have a
matrix problem.
(3) The problem basically is precisely where Prof Ripley located it:
a clash between
(a) an extremely strong "cultural" expectation that the elements
of a matrix will be presented with rows running from 1 at top
to m at bottom and columns running from 1 at left to n at right, and
(b) an extremely strong "cultural" expectation that the vertical
axis of a plot runs from low at the bottom to high at the top, and
(c) the fact that image() maps the "row" axis of a matrix to the
horizontal axis of a plot and the "column" axis of a matrix to
the vertical axis of a plot.
Expectations (a) and (b) are not only part of general computing,
they are strongly supported by R itself. As for (c), it doesn't
seem to me that it _had_ to be that way.
(4) Point (c) is a sufficiently strange quirk of image() that it is
a stumbling block waiting to trip people up. I've stumbled over
it myself, which is how come I knew where to look in ?image.
That makes it *essential* that it should be documented.
(5) And it *IS* documented. It really is an image() problem, not a
matrix problem, and the essential part of it *IS* documented.
Pointing out that a obvious nasty interaction *is* documented is
hardly a demand that all possible interactions should be documented.
How about this addition to the documentation?
"The x axis corresponds to the rows of the matrix (first on the left
to last on the right). The y axis corresponds to the columns of the
matrix (first at the bottom to last at the top)."
Once you know what image() is _intended_ to do with a matrix,
you can figure out the transposing and reversing you need for any
other view. It's knowing you need to that's the problem.
------------------------------
Message: 98
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 21:59:21 -0700
From: rossini at blindglobe.net (A.J. Rossini)
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <85llg1tbva.fsf at servant.blindglobe.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
"Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz> writes:
Once you know what image() is _intended_ to do with a matrix,
you can figure out the transposing and reversing you need for any
other view. It's knowing you need to that's the problem.
This is a much better statement of my point, and precisely why it
keeps (though only occassionally) burning me.
best,
-tony
--
Anthony Rossini Research Associate Professor
rossini at u.washington.edu http://www.analytics.washington.edu/
Biomedical and Health Informatics University of Washington
Biostatistics, SCHARP/HVTN Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
UW (Tu/Th/F): 206-616-7630 FAX=206-543-3461 | Voicemail is unreliable
FHCRC (M/W): 206-667-7025 FAX=206-667-4812 | use Email
CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message and any attachme...{{dropped}}
------------------------------
Message: 99
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 13:03:45 +0800
From: Neil Leonard <nleonard at tartarus.uwa.edu.au>
Subject: [R] Keyboard input into functions
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <797B336F-F7E6-11D8-8BC2-003065D5B8EC at tartarus.uwa.edu.au>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII; format=flowed
Hi,
Does anybody know if it is possible to have keyboard input into
functions? Kind of like 'scanf()' in C.
I want to write a function that asks me what to put in certain
variables.
Thanks,
Neil
------------------------------
Message: 100
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 14:11:14 +0900
From: "Manoj - Hachibushu Capital" <Wanzare at HCJP.com>
Subject: RE: [R] Keyboard input into functions
To: "Neil Leonard" <nleonard at tartarus.uwa.edu.au>,
<r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Message-ID:
<1CBA12F2D414914989C723D196B287DC26BCD1 at jp-svr-ex1.hcjp.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
?readline
HTH
-----Original Message-----
From: r-help-bounces at stat.math.ethz.ch
[mailto:r-help-bounces at stat.math.ethz.ch] On Behalf Of Neil Leonard
Sent: Friday, August 27, 2004 2:04 PM
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Subject: [R] Keyboard input into functions
Hi,
Does anybody know if it is possible to have keyboard input into
functions? Kind of like 'scanf()' in C.
I want to write a function that asks me what to put in certain
variables.
Thanks,
Neil
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
------------------------------
Message: 101
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 07:50:59 +0100 (BST)
From: Prof Brian Ripley <ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: [R] Error TukeyHSD
To: "T. Murlidharan Nair" <nair at sdsc.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.44.0408270747580.30532-100000 at gannet.stats>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
You are trying to apply TukeyHSD to a linear regression. I think you want
`diet' to be a factor, but it is not. (The warning message told you
that.) The model needs to be
coag.mod <- aov(time ~ factor(diet), data=coag)
Function aov happily accepts continuous covariates as it can also do
ANCOVA.
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, T. Murlidharan Nair wrote:
I am running the following code on the coagulation data and I am getting
an error. Please let me know
if I am missing anything from my code.
coag<- matrix( scan("//Samba3/nair/R/blood.dat", sep=","), 24, 3,
byrow=TRUE)
colnames(coag) <- c("time","diet","order")
coag <- as.data.frame(coag)
oneway.test(time ~ diet, data=coag, var.eq=TRUE)
coag.mod <- aov(time ~ diet, data=coag)
options(scipen=5)
options(digits=5)
TukeyHSD( coag.mod )
I get the following error when I run the above code
Read 72 items
Error in rep.int(n, length(means)) : Unimplemented feature in rep
In addition: Warning message:
non-factors ignored: diet in: replications(paste("~",
paste(names(tables), collapse = "+")),
--
Brian D. Ripley, ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
------------------------------
Message: 102
Date: 27 Aug 2004 08:46:57 +0200
From: Peter Dalgaard <p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk>
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <x2pt5d13j2.fsf at biostat.ku.dk>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
"Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz> writes:
How about this addition to the documentation?
"The x axis corresponds to the rows of the matrix (first on the left
to last on the right). The y axis corresponds to the columns of the
matrix (first at the bottom to last at the top)."
Once you know what image() is _intended_ to do with a matrix,
you can figure out the transposing and reversing you need for any
other view. It's knowing you need to that's the problem.
Good idea, but perhaps not phrased sharply enough to catch the user's
eye. How about something like this:
"Notice that image() interprets a matrix as a table of f(x_i, y_j), so
the x axis corresponds to row number and the y axis to column number
(bottom to top)."
and then use Brian's one-liner in the examples section?
--
O__ ---- Peter Dalgaard Blegdamsvej 3
c/ /'_ --- Dept. of Biostatistics 2200 Cph. N
(*) \(*) -- University of Copenhagen Denmark Ph: (+45) 35327918
~~~~~~~~~~ - (p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk) FAX: (+45) 35327907
------------------------------
Message: 103
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 07:55:46 +0100 (BST)
From: Prof Brian Ripley <ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: [R] coplot and par
To: Mihai Nica <m_nica at hotmail.com>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.44.0408270751220.30532-100000 at gannet.stats>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Mihai Nica wrote:
R 1.9.1 on Win2000 or Win98SE.
I am using coplot as follows:
coplot(AVG~LRPI| REGION)
the output seems normal but I get:
"Warning message:
calling par(new=) with no plot"
From the NEWS file for R-patched:
o coplot(..) doesn't give an extraneous warning anymore when called
on a fresh device.
so it is a bug that is fixed in the latest version (which you cna find on
CRAN).
This is the only explanation that I have for being unable to use par() with
coplot for changing the way the xlab and ylab appears.
xlab and ylab are not part of par -- see its help page.
From within coplot I can change the text itself but not the font,
fontsize, etc, but par() before coplot has absolutely no effect
wahtsoever (maybe it isn't supposed to?).
I guess the question is: how can one change the way the xlab and ylab appear
on a coplot?
They are listed as arguments to coplot, and work for me when given there.
--
Brian D. Ripley, ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
------------------------------
Message: 104
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 08:07:52 +0100 (BST)
From: Prof Brian Ripley <ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk>
Subject: RE: [R] Keyboard input into functions
To: Manoj - Hachibushu Capital <Wanzare at hcjp.com>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.44.0408270806140.30532-100000 at gannet.stats>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Fri, 27 Aug 2004, Manoj - Hachibushu Capital wrote:
?readline
Yes, but a nearer equivalent to scanf in C is scan() which reads from the
keyboard by default.
-----Original Message-----
[mailto:r-help-bounces at stat.math.ethz.ch] On Behalf Of Neil Leonard
Sent: Friday, August 27, 2004 2:04 PM
Does anybody know if it is possible to have keyboard input into
functions? Kind of like 'scanf()' in C.
I want to write a function that asks me what to put in certain
variables.
--
Brian D. Ripley, ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
------------------------------
Message: 105
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 09:21:39 +0200
From: "Petr Pikal" <petr.pikal at precheza.cz>
Subject: RE: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: "Glynn, Earl" <EFG at Stowers-Institute.org>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412EFD23.249.3B1DE9 at localhost>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
On 26 Aug 2004 at 16:47, Glynn, Earl wrote:
<snip>
I'll go back to lurking in the daily R-Helps and not ask any more
questions until I've read all the old R-help messages. I'm working on
December 1998 right now and reading forward. Perhaps by next year
I'll will have read all the old R-help postings and I'll dare ask
another question then.
Hi
When I do not find something in help page and a function does not
do what I want I usually consult Paul Johnson's Rtips (or
StatsRUs). Its a first hit by Google "statsrus". There you can find
impresive collection of hints neatly arranged. And probably after a
while you will collect some usefull hints yourself (as I myself
collected).
Cheers.
Petr
efg
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide!
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
Petr Pikal
petr.pikal at precheza.cz
------------------------------
Message: 106
Date: 27 Aug 2004 09:17:45 +0200
From: Peter Dalgaard <p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk>
Subject: Re: [R] read.spss warning: unrecognized record type??
To: "Michael Jerosch-Herold" <jeroschh at ohsu.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <x2llg1123q.fsf at biostat.ku.dk>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
"Michael Jerosch-Herold" <jeroschh at ohsu.edu> writes:
When using read.spss (library: 'foreign') I get the following warning
message:
Warning message:
E:/R4win/mesamri.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 13
encountered in system file.
I don't see anything wrong with record #7 in the database I am trying
to read in, but I suspect that the warning message does not refer to a
specific record, but a "variable" type. Is this correct? And what does
"subtype 13" mean?
Well foreign doesn't know either, and that's the problem... Most
likely you have one of your SPSS variables coded in an unusual manner
(do they all come though alright?), or it is something else in the
meta-info that foreign cannot interpret.
I basically have a data table with records (cases) in rows, and various
variables for each record/case in the columns. Again, I suspect that I
am using "record" in a different sense then meant by the above warning
message.
Yes. System files are typically organised in "records" which are not
the actual data records but pieces of meta-information. As in (I'm
just making this up, read the sources for the exact definitions)
type=1 subtype=1 length=22 data1="My very important data"
which is compactly stored as (<..> meaning "binary coding of")
<1><1><22>My very...
so that on reading, the program sees the first two bytes and then
knows that this is a "main header" and that it will be followed by a
2-byte length and then as many characters as the length indicates.
There are other record types for individual variable names, variable
types, variable labels, value labels for categorical data, etc...
Based on this warning, is "record type 7" discarded when the data are
read in?
Possibly, but you have the data to check and we don't....
Thank you in advance for shedding some light on this!
--
O__ ---- Peter Dalgaard Blegdamsvej 3
c/ /'_ --- Dept. of Biostatistics 2200 Cph. N
(*) \(*) -- University of Copenhagen Denmark Ph: (+45) 35327918
~~~~~~~~~~ - (p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk) FAX: (+45) 35327907
------------------------------
Message: 107
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 08:33:25 +0100 (BST)
From: Prof Brian Ripley <ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: [R] coplot and par
To: Mihai Nica <m_nica at hotmail.com>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.44.0408270822590.30632-100000 at gannet.stats>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Fri, 27 Aug 2004, Prof Brian Ripley wrote:
On Thu, 26 Aug 2004, Mihai Nica wrote:
[...]
This is the only explanation that I have for being unable to use par() with
coplot for changing the way the xlab and ylab appears.
xlab and ylab are not part of par -- see its help page.
From within coplot I can change the text itself but not the font,
fontsize, etc, but par() before coplot has absolutely no effect
wahtsoever (maybe it isn't supposed to?).
I guess the question is: how can one change the way the xlab and ylab appear
on a coplot?
They are listed as arguments to coplot, and work for me when given there.
Although you didn't mention them at all, did you mean specifying cex.lab
and font.lab? They do not work as the xlab and ylab in coplot are not
`x and y labels' in the sense used in ?par: they are placed by mtext() not
title().
--
Brian D. Ripley, ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
------------------------------
Message: 108
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 09:37:12 +0200
From: Uwe Ligges <ligges at statistik.uni-dortmund.de>
Subject: Re: [R] text() with text, variables and math HOWTO?
To: Johannes Graumann <graumann at its.caltech.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412EE4A8.2090503 at statistik.uni-dortmund.de>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed
Johannes Graumann wrote:
Hello,
One more question from the 'abusing R for blotting - particularly
anally' department:
How can I in the expression below make the '%~~%' show up as the
aprrox-sign I want it to be?
Thanks for any hint,
Joh
text(
500,1.5,
cex=0.75,
substitute(
paste(
OD[600][~nm],
" of 1 at ",
time1,
" min ",
"%~~%",
time1h,
"h"
),
list(
time1=round(time1,digits=0),
time1h=round(time1/60,digits=1)
)
)
)
substitute(OD[600][~nm] * " of 1 at " *
time1 * " min" %~~% time1h * h,
list(time1=round(time1,digits=0),
time1h=round(time1/60,digits=1))
)
Uwe Ligges
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
------------------------------
Message: 109
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 09:35:07 +0200
From: Raphael Schneider <rasch at med1.med.tum.de>
Subject: Re: [R] read.spss warning: unrecognized record type??
To: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <200408270935.07786.rasch at med1.med.tum.de>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
On Friday 27 August 2004 02:55, Michael Jerosch-Herold wrote:
When using read.spss (library: 'foreign') I get the following warning
message:
Warning message:
E:/R4win/mesamri.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 13
encountered in system file.
I don't see anything wrong with record #7 in the database I am trying
to read in, but I suspect that the warning message does not refer to a
specific record, but a "variable" type. Is this correct? And what does
"subtype 13" mean?
I get the same message but it seems that all data is read correctly. My
impression is that this message shows up only reading datasets stored with
SPSS12. At the moment I have no dataset where I know exactly this was stored
using a SPSS version below 12.
Raphael
------------------------------
Message: 110
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 09:53:00 +0200
From: Thomas Petzoldt <thpe at hhbio.wasser.tu-dresden.de>
Subject: Re: [R] text() with text, variables and math HOWTO?
To: Johannes Graumann <graumann at its.caltech.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412EE85C.9020009 at hhbio.wasser.tu-dresden.de>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed
Johannes Graumann wrote:
Hello,
One more question from the 'abusing R for blotting - particularly
anally' department:
How can I in the expression below make the '%~~%' show up as the
aprrox-sign I want it to be?
Thanks for any hint,
Your code does not work because "%~~%" is a character string and %~~% is
an invalid mathematical expression. The operator (e.g. %~~%) must be
between something, so it works if you use phantom(0)%~~%phantom(0), and
I found that phantom() without 0 works too:
See the following:
plot(0, xlim=c(0,1000), ylim=c(0,2), type="n")
time1=99
text(
500,1.5,
cex=0.75,
substitute(
paste(
OD[600][~nm],
" of 1 at ",
time1,
" min ",
phantom()%~~%phantom(),
time1h,
"h"
),
list(
time1=round(time1,digits=0),
time1h=round(time1/60,digits=1)
)
)
)
Hope it helps
Thomas P.
------------------------------
Message: 111
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 09:58:43 +0200 (CEST)
From: Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand at nhh.no>
Subject: Re: [R] Newbie Question: Spatial Autocorrelation with R
Tutorial?
To: Jeff Hollister <jeff at edc.uri.edu>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.44.0408270933110.20757-100000 at reclus.nhh.no>
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=ISO-8859-1
On Wed, 25 Aug 2004, Jeff Hollister wrote:
Howdy All,
I am looking for some good tutorials (books, websites, whatever) for
calculating/testing for Spatial Autocorrelation using R.
Specifically, I am wanting to test for autocorrelation of a number of
variables measured at a set of discrete locations.
From your signature line, "Environmental Data", spatial autocorrelation
could mean a number of things, depending on whether the variables could be
measurements of a continuous surface of values at your discrete locations,
or whether the discrete locations are "spatial entities" formed as areal
aggregations of some kind. Since you mention spdep below, I'm assuming
that the data you are working on refer to "spatial entities", for which
Moran's I would be a reasonable choice of test. If the variable of
interest isn't of this form, then other packages are more relevant (see R
spatial projects link below).
Up to this point I have been exploring the "spdep" package and I can get
"moran.test" to work, but I am concerned that somewhere along the line I
may not be doing things correctly. Hence my request for a tutorial so
that I may brush up on my autocorrelation basics, specifically
autocorrelation with R, and reassure myself that the results I am
getting aren't bogus.
Admittedly, the help page for moran.test() simply refers to Cliff, A. D.,
Ord, J. K. 1981 Spatial processes, Pion, p. 21 as the original source, and
the "sids" vignette (see the foot of the output of help(package=spdep) to
locate it on your system) is incomplete. My guess is however that if your
data are for "spatial entities", theb constructing a sensible
neighbour weights is at least 75% of the work - you will also see this in
Virgilio G??mez-Rubio's "DCluster" package, and the existing "sids"
vignette does cover that a little. Completing and improving this vignette
is on my TODO list.
If you are unsure of the result, and want to stay within the R framework,
consider calculating Moran's I using DCluster, or gearymoran() in "ade4".
Beyond that, you could access the GeoDa software (Windows, not R) and
documentation at http://sal.agecon.uiuc.edu/csiss/geoda.html, the site
also housing the R spatial projects web pages:
http://agec221.agecon.uiuc.edu/csiss/Rgeo/
Please contact me off-list, or on the R-sig-geo list if you feel that
would help.
Best wishes,
Roger Bivand
Thanks in advance for any suggestions!
Jeff Hollister
*****************************************************
Jeffrey William Hollister
Ph.D. Candidate
Environmental Data Center
Department of Natural Resources Science
University of Rhode Island
office: (401) 874 5054
fax: (401) 874 4561
cell: (401)556 4087
http://www.edc.uri.edu/personal/jeff/home/jwh_cv_full.htm
______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
--
Roger Bivand
Economic Geography Section, Department of Economics, Norwegian School of
Economics and Business Administration, Breiviksveien 40, N-5045 Bergen,
Norway. voice: +47 55 95 93 55; fax +47 55 95 93 93
e-mail: Roger.Bivand at nhh.no
------------------------------
Message: 112
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 2004 10:32:46 +0100
From: Patrick Burns <pburns at pburns.seanet.com>
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: Peter Dalgaard <p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Message-ID: <412EFFBE.6030703 at pburns.seanet.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed
Peter Dalgaard wrote:
"Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz> writes:
[snip]
Good idea, but perhaps not phrased sharply enough to catch the user's
eye. How about something like this:
"Notice that image() interprets a matrix as a table of f(x_i, y_j), so
the x axis corresponds to row number and the y axis to column number
(bottom to top)."
and then use Brian's one-liner in the examples section?
Though I think the added text is a good idea, the addition of the example
is probably 102.58 times more useful than any text that could be inserted.
The examples in help files are probably the main reason that people think
of R having better documentation than other programs. Like Unix man
pages, for example, which would be wonderful if only they had examples
so that you could figure out what the sentences mean when you understand
every word.
Patrick Burns
Burns Statistics
patrick at burns-stat.com
+44 (0)20 8525 0696
http://www.burns-stat.com
(home of S Poetry and "A Guide for the Unwilling S User")
------------------------------
Message: 113
Date: 27 Aug 2004 11:35:14 +0200
From: Peter Dalgaard <p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk>
Subject: Re: [R] Surprise when mapping matrix to image
To: Patrick Burns <pburns at pburns.seanet.com>
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch, Peter Dalgaard
<p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk>
Message-ID: <x2pt5crkj1.fsf at biostat.ku.dk>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Patrick Burns <pburns at pburns.seanet.com> writes:
Peter Dalgaard wrote:
"Richard A. O'Keefe" <ok at cs.otago.ac.nz> writes:
[snip]
Good idea, but perhaps not phrased sharply enough to catch the
user's
eye. How about something like this:
"Notice that image() interprets a matrix as a table of f(x_i, y_j), so
the x axis corresponds to row number and the y axis to column number
(bottom to top)."
and then use Brian's one-liner in the examples section?
Though I think the added text is a good idea, the addition of the example
is probably 102.58 times more useful than any text that could be inserted.
The examples in help files are probably the main reason that people think
of R having better documentation than other programs. Like Unix man
pages, for example, which would be wonderful if only they had examples
so that you could figure out what the sentences mean when you understand
every word.
There are limits, I think. If you put too many variations into the
example section, it tends to become a grey blob of code. Anyways, I'm
going to add both.
--
O__ ---- Peter Dalgaard Blegdamsvej 3
c/ /'_ --- Dept. of Biostatistics 2200 Cph. N
(*) \(*) -- University of Copenhagen Denmark Ph: (+45) 35327918
~~~~~~~~~~ - (p.dalgaard at biostat.ku.dk) FAX: (+45) 35327907
------------------------------
_______________________________________________
R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
End of R-help Digest, Vol 18, Issue 27
**************************************