bivariate spatial correlation in R
Roger, Thank you for your response. I recognize the data is not ideal and the analysis has limitations because of the lack of information on population displacements that might have occurred over the years. Nonetheless, there are plenty of data + literature showing how the spatial distribution of income classes and land use patterns is fairly stable over time in this city, particularly for a short timescales like in this analysis. Having said this, I believe these two questions (1) what socioeconomic classes have gained more accessibility? and (2) ?were wealthier areas in 2010 able to attract more changes to accessibility?? in the end ask the same thing but with different phrasings, though your phrasing (2) is more precise/correct. On the more technical discussion, I see your point that spatial AND temporal correlation in my data would make permutation bootstrap inappropriate to generate significance levels, thus making bivariate Moran?s I biased. Thank you very much for the clarifications! This has been very helpful and I will have a closer look at which spatial regression models are more appropriate for my analysis. On a side note, do you think the function to calculate bivariate Moran?s I is correct? And could it be incorporated in the next version of spdep? If so, please give credit to Rog?rio Barbosa, the researcher who proposed the code in Stack Overflow. best, Rafael HM Pereira http://urbandemographics.blogspot.com
On Mon, Jul 31, 2017 at 10:52 PM, Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand at nhh.no> wrote:
Rafael,
I'm sorry, but there is no way you can logically "analyze who benefits the
recent changes in the transport system in terms of access to jobs" from the
data you have.
Even if you had aggregate household income data for 2014 and 2017 (not for
2010 only), you would not know whether wealthier families had not dispaced
poorer families as accessibility improved. You need individual data, either
survey or register, preferably panel, to show that changes in accessibility
change the economic welfare of households controlling for movement of
households. The timestamps on the data make any attempt to do this very
risky; the real findings from a hypothetical surevey-based panel might be
completely different, especially if poorer households were displaced (also
indirectly, through rising house prices driven by improved accessibility).
Gauging the welfare effects of transport investments is very hard to
instrument.
The closest I could get was to map deciles of the change in access (more
negatives than positives) and compare the aspatial income distributions:
library(spdep)
library(rgdal)
map <- readOGR(dsn=".", layer="test_map")
library(classInt)
cI <- classIntervals(map$diffaccess, n=10, style="quantile")
library(RColorBrewer)
ybrpal <- brewer.pal(6, "YlOrBr")
fC <- findColours(cI, ybrpal)
qtm(map, fill="diffaccess", fill.breaks=cI$brks, format="Europe2")
map$faccess <- factor(findInterval(map$diffaccess, cI$brks,
all.inside=TRUE), labels=names(attr(fC, "table")))
qtm(map, fill="diffaccess", fill.breaks=cI$brks, format="Europe2")
acc_income <- split(map$income, map$faccess)
do.call("rbind", lapply(acc_income, summary))
dens <- lapply(acc_income, density)
plot(1, ylab="", xlab="", type="n", xlim=c(-2000, 11000), ylim=c(0,
0.002))
for (i in seq(along=dens)) lines(dens[[i]], col=i)
legend("topright", legend=names(dens), col=1:length(dens), lty=1, bty="n")
These density curves really do not suggest any clear relationship, other
than that some areas with increased accessibility had higher incomes in
2010.
You can examine the reverse relationship - were aggregate areas that were
more wealthy in 2010 able to attract more changes to accessibility? The
answer seems to be yes, they were able to do this:
nb <- poly2nb(map)
lw <- nb2listw(nb, style = "W", zero.policy = T)
lm.morantest(lm(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map), lw)
# SLX model
summary(lmSLX(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map, lw))
lm.morantest(lmSLX(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map, lw), lw)
# Spatial Durbin error model - SDEM
obj <- errorsarlm(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map, lw, etype="emixed")
summary(impacts(obj))
summary(impacts(lmSLX(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map, lw)))
LR.sarlm(lmSLX(diffaccess ~ I(income/1000), map, lw), obj)
It would be possible to run lm.morantest.sad() on the output of the SDEM
model taking global spatial autocorrelation into account. If you need that,
follow up in this thread.
Bivariate Moran's I should not be used in this case, but could be used in
other cases - use in change over time is troubling because randomisation
will not be a good guide as t=1 and t=2 are subject to temporal as well as
spatial autocorrelation, so you cannot use permutation bootstrap to find a
usable measure of significance.
Hope this clarifies, and thanks for the code.
Roger
On Sun, 30 Jul 2017, Rafael Pereira wrote:
Roger,
Population and income data are single point in time and come from the 2010 Census. Accessibility variables in 2014 and 2017 show the proportion of jobs accessible by public transport under 60 minutes. The variable diffaccess shows the difference between these two. It's in percentage points (access2017 - access2014) best, Rafael H M Pereira urbandemographics.blogspot.com On Sun, Jul 30, 2017 at 7:41 AM, Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand at nhh.no> wrote: Thanks, I'll get back when able, offline now. What are the units of
observation, and are aggregate household incomes observed only once? Roger Roger Bivand Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Norway Fra: Rafael Pereira Sendt: s?ndag 30. juli, 00.39 Emne: Re: [R-sig-Geo] bivariate spatial correlation in R Kopi: Rog?rio Barbosa, r-sig-geo at r-project.org Hi all, here is a reproducible example to calculate in R bivariate Moran's I and LISA clusters. This example is based on a this answer provided in SO* and it uses a toy model of my data. The R script and the shape file with the data are available on this link. https://gist.github.com/ rafapereirabr/5348193abf779625f5e8c5090776a228 What this example does is to estimate the spatial association between household income per capita and the gains in accessibility to jobs. The aim is to analyze who benefits the recent changes in the transport system in terms of access to jobs. So the idea is not to find causal relationships, but spatial association between areas of high/low income who had high/low gains in accessibility. The variables in the data show info on the proportion of jobs accessible in both years 2014 and 2017 (access2014, access2017) and the difference between the two years in percentage points (diffaccess). Roger, I know you have shown to be a bit sceptical about this application of bivariate Moran's I. Do you still think a spatial regression would be more appropriate? Also, I would be glad to hear if others have comments on the code. This function is not implemented in any package so it would be great to have some feedback. Rafael H M Pereira urbandemographics.blogspot.com * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45177590/map-of- bivariate-spatial-correlation-in-r-bivariate-lisa On Wed, Jul 26, 2017 at 11:07 AM, Roger Bivand wrote: > On Wed, 26 Jul 2017, Rafael Pereira wrote:
Roger, >> >> This example was provided only for the sake or making the
code easily >> reproducible for others and I'm more interested in how
the bi-variate >> Moran >> could be implemented in R, but your comments are very much welcomed and >> I've made changes to the question. >> >> My actual case study looks at bi-variate spatial correlation between (a) >> average household income per capita and (b) proportion of jobs in the city
that are accessible under 60 minutes by transit. I don't think I could
use >> rates in this case but I will normalize the variables using >>
scale(data$variable). >> > > Please provide a reproducible example, either with a link to a data > subset, or using a builtin data set. My guess is that you do not need > bi-variate spatial correlation at all, but rather a spatial regression. > > The "causal" variable would then the the proportion of jobs accessible > within 60 minutes by transit, though this is extremely blunt, and lots of > other covariates (demography, etc.) impact average household income per > capita (per block/tract?). Since there are many missing variables in your > specification, any spatial correlation would be most closely associated > with them (demography, housing costs, education, etc.), and the choice of > units of measurement would dominate the outcome.
This is also why bi-variate spatial correlation is seldom a good idea,
I > believe. It can be done, but most likely shouldn't, unless it can
be > motivated properly. > > By the way, the weighted and FDR-corrected SAD local Moran's I p-values of > the black/white ratio for Oregon (your toy example) did deliver the goods - > if you zoom in in mapview::mapview, you can see that it detects a rate > hotspot between the rivers. > > Roger >
best, >> >> Rafael H M Pereira >> >> On Mon, Jul 24, 2017 at 7:56 PM,
Roger Bivand >> wrote: >> >> On Mon, 24 Jul 2017, Rafael Pereira
wrote: >>>
Hi all, >>> >>>> >>>> I would like to ask whether some you conducted
bi-variate spatial >>>> correlation in R. >>>> >>>> I know the
bi-variate Moran's I is not implemented in the spdep library. >>>> I left a question on SO but also wanted to hear if anyone if the >>>> mainlist >>>> have come across this. >>>> https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45177590/map-of- bivariat >>>> e-spatial-correlation-in-r-bivariate-lisa >>>> >>>> I also know Roger Bivand has implemented the L index proposed by Lee >>>> (2001)
in spdep, but I'm not I'm not sure whether the L local correlation
coefficients can be interpreted the same way as the local Moran's I coefficients. I couldn't find any reference commenting on this issue.
I >>>> would very much appreciate your thoughts this. >>>> >>>> >>>
In the SO question, and in the follow-up, your presumably throw-away >>> example makes fundamental mistakes. The code in spdep by Virgilio >>> G?mez-Rubio is for uni- and bivariate L, and produces point values of >>> local >>> L. This isn't the main problem, which is rather that you are not taking >>> account of the underlying population counts, nor shrinking any estimates
of >>> significance to accommodate population sizes. Population sizes
vary from >>> 0 >>> to 11858, with the lower quartile at 3164 and upper
5698: >>> plot(ecdf(oregon.tract$pop2000)). Should you be comparing rates in >>> stead? >>> These are also compositional variables (sum to pop2000, or 1 if rates) >>> with >>> the other missing components. You would probably be better served by >>> tools >>> examining spatial segregation, such as for example the seg package. >>> >>> The 0 count populations cause problems for an unofficial alternative, the >>> black/white ratio: >>>
oregon.tract1 0,] >>> oregon.tract1$rat >> nb >> lw >> >>> which should still be adjusted by weighting: >>> >>> lm0 >> >>> I'm not advising this, but running localmoran.sad on this model output >>> yields SAD p-values < 0.05 after FDR correction only in contiguous tracts >>> on the Washington state line in Portland between the Columbia and >>> Williamette rivers. So do look at the variables you are using before >>> rushing into things.
Hope this clarifies, >>> >>> Roger >>> >>> >>> best, >>>> >>>> Rafael
HM Pereira >>>> http://urbandemographics.blogspot.com >>>> >>>>
[[alternative HTML version deleted]] >>>> >>>>
_______________________________________________ >>>> R-sig-Geo mailing list >>>> R-sig-Geo at r-project.org >>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/ listinfo/r-sig-geo >>>> >>>> >>>> -- >>> Roger Bivand >>> Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, >>> Helleveien 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. >>> voice: +47 55 95 93 55 <+47%2055%2095%2093%2055>; e-mail: Roger.Bivand at nhh.no >>> Editor-in-Chief of The R Journal, https://journal.r-project.org/ >>> index.html >>> http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6140 >>> https://scholar.google.no/ citations?user=AWeghB0AAAAJ&hl=en >>> >> >> [[alternative HTML version deleted]] >> >> _______________________________________________ >> R-sig-Geo mailing list >> R-sig-Geo at r-project.org >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-sig-geo >> > > -- > Roger Bivand Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, > Helleveien 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. > voice: +47 55 95 93 55 <+47%2055%2095%2093%2055>; e-mail: Roger.Bivand at nhh.no > Editor-in-Chief of The R Journal, https://journal.r-project.org/index.html > http://orcid.org/0000-0003- 2392-6140 > https://scholar.google.no/citations?user=AWeghB0AAAAJ&hl=en [[alternative HTML version deleted]] ______________________________ _________________ R-sig-Geo mailing list R-sig-Geo at r-project.org https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-sig-geo
-- Roger Bivand Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. voice: +47 55 95 93 55; e-mail: Roger.Bivand at nhh.no Editor-in-Chief of The R Journal, https://journal.r-project.org/index.html http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6140 https://scholar.google.no/citations?user=AWeghB0AAAAJ&hl=en