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Can we analyse combined split plot experiment using lmer()?

Rabin,

Was each combination of year and location and independent experiment? That is, were the main crops seeded independently, for each year and location, or were plantings on exactly the same day, with the same equipment, and using the same varieities?  Was the timing of in-season tillage the same for all locations or years? Were cover crops seeded at exactly the same stages, with the same seed sources and equipment?

Those are things that contribute to experimental error in the split-plot blocking structure. So, for a first pass, I would pool location and year as environment, and compare
lmer (biomass ~ environment*crop*tillage*cover+(1 | rep/crop/tillage), data=data)
lmer (biomass ~ environment*crop*tillage*cover+(environment | rep/crop/tillage), data=data)

The first model assumes homogeneity of experimental error across experiments, the second allows for independent errors, I think. 

If there are interactions between environments and treatments, then you may need to decompose the environments into years and location, and we can in theory assume some correlation among years and among locations, but you don?t really have enough samples to explore that in detail

Cheers,